India–EU Free Trade Agreement: Historical Journey and Shared Gains

India–EU Free Trade Agreement: Historical Journey and Shared Gains

The recently concluded India–EU Free Trade Agreement (FTA) represents one of the most ambitious trade pacts in recent global economic history. It links India, the world’s fastest-growing large economy with the EU, the world’s largest integrated market. Its ambit covers a combined economic space of approximately 2 Billion people, 1/4th of global GDP and about 1/3rd of world trade.

Both India and EU took note of each other at the beginning of this century with the first India-EU summit that took place under Portuguese Presidency in 2000. This was 7 years after the Maastricht Treaty of 1993 that formally created the European Union and 9 years after the launch of economic reforms in India. Formal negotiations on a comprehensive FTA began in 2007 but got stalled by 2013 amid unresolved differences. The initiative was once again taken by Portugal during its Presidency in 2021 to hold the India-EU leaders meeting that provided the roadmap for relaunch of negotiations in 2022. It also expanded the scope beyond goods to include services, investment, digital trade and mobility.

The India–EU FTA envisages broad liberalisation across trade in goods, services, investment and regulatory cooperation with tariff reductions forming the core of the deal. European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen called it the “mother of all deals” and a landmark agreement deepening partnership “between the world’s biggest democracies”. European Council President Antonio Costa called it a “shared commitment to co-operation, trust and prosperity in a changing world”. PM Modi called it a “New Chapter for growth, innovation and people-centric partnership for global Good” that “will strengthen stability within the international system”.

For India, the FTA opens up preferential access to Europe’s affluent 450 million consumer market. Indian manufacturing also stands to benefit through access to high-quality inputs at lower tariff to catalyze industrialization, raise productivity, generate employment and integrate Indian firms deeper into global value chains. For the EU, it enhances access to India’s vast and fast-growing market, particularly in sectors like machinery, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, automotive components and agrifood products. Reduced tariffs will make European goods more competitive, enabling exporters to scale operations and further add to approximately 800,000 EU jobs tied to India-EU trade. Strategically it helps both sides to diversify export destinations amid shifting global trade patterns and rising protectionism in traditional markets.

A rising tide raises all ships and this deal has the potential to reshape the economic landscape for both partners. It will enhance bilateral trade and investment ties, support sustainable and inclusive growth, foster deeper economic engagement including innovation, facilitate technology transfer and enhance regulatory co-operation.

The India–EU FTA is more than a tariff-cutting exercise. It is a strategic partnership that integrates two of the world’s largest markets and economies. It will enable both India and the EU to boost economic growth, strengthen value chains and create trusted, resilient and diversified trade relationships in an increasingly complex global economy. PM Modi’s description of this moment as the beginning of a ‘New Era’ is perhaps the most apt description of the summit where this FTA was concluded.

Original article: https://expresso.pt/opiniao/2026-01-30-acordo-de-comercio-livre-india-ue-percurso-historico-e-beneficios-partilhados-4b881d2f

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