Ambassador of India to Expresso: “There is a public sentiment that says action is needed” in Kashmir

Ambassador of India to Expresso: “There is a public sentiment that says action is needed” in Kashmir

Ambassador of India to Expresso: "There is a public sentiment that says action is needed" in Kashmir

Tensions between India and Pakistan have been escalating since the attack in Pahalgam, in the contested province, in April. Before India’s military action on Tuesday night, Ambassador Puneet Kundal warned Expresso that “there could be military action before this interview is published”.

On 22 April, during an attack in the city of Pahalgam, in the Indian-administered part of Kashmir, a group of armed men killed 26 people. This was the trigger for a new escalation in tensions between Pakistan and India, who have both claimed the Kashmir region since the end of British colonisation in 1947 and have fought two wars over its status.

India attributes the Pahalgam attack to Pakistan-backed Islamist groups, which Pakistan denies, calling for a neutral investigation into the attack. Initially claiming responsibility for the attack, The Resistance Front, which emerged in 2019 and is seen as a branch of the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba group, later denied any involvement.

Reacting to the attack, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi declared that India would "identify, pursue, and punish the terrorists and those who support them". He vowed to "chase them to the ends of the Earth", without naming specific groups.

The two nuclear powers entered a spiral of retaliation, and on Tuesday night India confirmed strikes on nine sites in Pakistan, as well as in the Pakistan-administered Jammu and Kashmir region, in a military operation dubbed "Operation Sindoor".

According to Indian authorities, the targets were "terrorist infrastructures" from which "terrorist attacks against India were planned and executed". On Wednesday, Pakistan retaliated by shooting down several Indian military aircraft.

The Pakistani government claims that at least 26 civilians were killed. According to Lusa news agency, Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif stated that Pakistan had "every right to respond vigorously to this act of war". India denied targeting "civilian, economic, or military targets", according to authorities, and reported three civilian deaths on Indian territory.

Hours before tensions reached these proportions, Expresso interviewed the Ambassador of India to Portugal. Puneet Kundal was already warning of potential military action and described his country’s response to attacks over the years as "weighted".

India alleges that two of the attackers were Pakistanis. What evidence does your Government have of the involvement of these individuals and their connections to Pakistan?

This is not a new incident for us. We have faced terrorist incidents originating from Pakistan before. If you look at the attacks in India over time, you’ll find connections to Pakistan. In 2019, there was an attack on a bus carrying our paramilitary forces. Forty of our soldiers died in a suicide bombing, and the responsibility was claimed by an organisation called Jaish-e-Mohammed, which is banned by the UN and based in Pakistan. You may remember 2008, when we had the attacks in Mumbai: 176 people died, and the responsibility was claimed by the terrorists. We captured one alive, a member of Lashkar-e-Taiba. Again, a group based in Pakistan and one of the entities proscribed by the UN. Going even further back, in 2001, there was the attack on India’s Parliament, carried out by Jaish-e-Mohammed, again from Pakistan.

This time, it was the type of equipment and communication networks they were using. The internet service providers we traced originated in Pakistan. Five attackers targeted a remote location in Pahalgam. Incidentally, Jammu and Kashmir is my home state. They chose a place where the phone signal was weak. The five attackers isolated a group of Indian tourists, asked them their religion, and demanded they recite excerpts from the Quran. And, in an absolutely shameful act, they segregated the men, asked them to lower their trousers, and checked if they were circumcised. If they couldn’t recite the Quran and weren’t circumcised, they were shot in the head. All were executed at close range in front of their families, their wives, and children. It’s a tragic story to tell, but one young woman had been married just seven days and was on her honeymoon when she lost her husband. In another case, they killed the man and the wife begged to be shot as well. They responded, "Go tell Modi about this; I won’t kill you". So, we have clear links tracing back to Pakistan, and we cannot forget that Pakistan remains a hub for terrorism. If we think about the current epicentre of terror, I don’t hesitate to point to Pakistan. We must not forget that Osama bin Laden was killed in Pakistan and was called a martyr by the then Prime Minister of the country. This is not a new incident, but I strongly urge the international community not to believe the false flags being raised by Pakistan. I believe the entire world, even the UN Security Council, has recognised this as a grave incident.

This is a terrorist incident, and the terrorists need to be brought to justice. I must thank the Portuguese Government for issuing, the day after the attack, a very clear statement from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs classifying it as a terrorist attack and showing solidarity with the victims and the Government of India. On the same day, the Portuguese Presidency also issued a similarly clear statement. To reiterate my point, the evidence very clearly points to Pakistan.

Would your Government be willing to share its findings with an independent investigation?

Pakistan has called for an independent investigation into the case.

As I said, the connections are clear. Pakistan’s attempt to frame this as something else is what we call a false flag. In 2016, there was an attack on an air force base in Pathankot. Pakistan said something similar about an independent investigation and requested access to the airbase, which we granted. Nothing came of it. So, it’s not that we are unwilling, but these false flags they raise are just a way to divert attention from the terrorist incidents and the terror infrastructure they have created, sustained, and continue to nurture daily. A few days ago, the Pakistani Foreign Minister and Defence Minister admitted in interviews that Pakistan has supported terrorist networks and groups within its borders. Similar remarks came from a former minister and the ambassador to Russia, who, by the way, also threatened to use nuclear weapons against India.

We were discussing the current incident. How can there be confidence in the evidence if it is not made public?

The entire process has been designed to shield the perpetrators. Responsibility was initially claimed by a group called The Resistance Front (TRF), which is nothing more than an alias for Lashkar-e-Taiba. If we go back to 2005, there was a case where an unknown group called Al Faran kidnapped four people. One of them was beheaded. Al Faran turned out to be a parallel group or perhaps just another name for Lashkar-e-Taiba. What I keep urging people to do, time and again, is not to be misled by false flags. Pakistan has a certain history, and everything I am saying can be verified. A simple Google search will show that it is all documented. This is just a continuation of using terror as an instrument of foreign policy, which they have maintained as a nation.

You said it’s not that the Indian Government is entirely closed off. What kind of openness to an external investigation would it consider?

We have always maintained that India and Pakistan should handle such matters bilaterally. We are not particularly keen on third-party or foreign interventions in India. We have had an independent foreign policy from the beginning. We are not members of NATO or any military alliance. We have always kept our foreign policy independent and intend to maintain it that way. We are not part of any military bloc or integrated economic bloc. We wish to retain this neutral and independent stance, making foreign policy decisions based on our interests, the well-being of our citizens, and the global economy as a whole.

Are you concerned about the possibility of escalation?

I think escalation is in no one’s interest. We have been victims of terror. There is a rawness to all this; the entire country is shocked. There is a public sentiment that says action is needed, and we have already taken steps in many areas, including water, diplomacy, economic measures, and visas. Your question is whether there will be military action?

Yes.

The answer is: I don’t know. Military action could happen even before this interview is published. It could happen before tonight’s dinner. It could happen after tomorrow’s lunch. It could happen this summer or during this monsoon season. I cannot say for sure. If we go back to 1971, when we had the war between India and Pakistan that led to the creation of Bangladesh - which negated the two-nation theory on which Pakistan was founded in 1947 - the tensions began in April, but the war only occurred in December. We carried out limited strikes against Pakistan after the Uri attack in 2016. We launched air-strikes on Lashkar-e-Taiba hideouts in 2019 following the Pulwama attack. So, we’ll have to wait and see. Jammu and Kashmir is my home state; whatever happens there has direct implications for my family, who is there, and for me as an individual. I think everyone should be concerned about any kind of escalation. But look at the rhetoric. The Pakistani ambassador to Russia gave an interview to CNN threatening India with nuclear strikes. Similar rhetoric has come from other ministers. I doubt that you’ve heard anything similar from the Indian side.

So, there’s no interest in military action if Pakistan doesn’t take further measures?

I’m saying there could be an attack, a retaliatory action, before this is published.

You also said neither side is interested in escalation. I wouldn’t want any escalation, but if you look at the statement made by the UN Secretary-General, António Guterres, who is Portuguese, he said there is a certain rawness to all this. That was his statement yesterday. There is a wound. I mean, 26 people were killed for no reason. It’s the largest civilian attack since 2008, which was also perpetrated by Pakistan. I’m referring to the Mumbai attack. So, there is a rawness to it. There is a feeling that we must act against this. Any country would take action.

It has already taken measures, as you said, through other means. Why military action?

Why not military action?

If it ends up harming civilians...

Whenever there is military action, the entire nation is involved. Civilians are part of this whole calculation. There’s an economic value. There’s a military value. There’s a social cost. The costs are enormous; we fully understand these costs. If you look at our response to all the attacks that have been carried out, I think the word that should come to mind is ‘weighted’. There was an attack on Parliament in 2001. There was no military action. There were attacks in Mumbai. We appealed again to the world. We did so in a very, very diplomatic manner. There was an attack on the airbase in Pathankot; we asked Pakistan for help. There was an attack in Uri; we took limited measures and called it a surgical strike. We lost 40 of our military personnel in a suicide attack on a bus; we carried out air-strikes. If this is not a weighted and non-escalatory response, what would you call it? By contrast, what does the Pakistani ambassador to Russia say when he threatens nuclear strikes? Or when a former Pakistani minister says that if water doesn’t flow in the Indus, Indian blood will flow? That’s an aggravation.

Under what circumstances would India resort to using nuclear weapons?

India’s nuclear policy is very well defined: first, no use against non-nuclear states; second, no first use. We are not an irresponsible nuclear power; we are not an irresponsible country. I have said that Pakistan is an irresponsible country. Pakistan cultivates terror in its backyard. Hillary Clinton said that you can’t keep snakes in your backyard and expect them to only bite your neighbour. That is what’s happening. You are aware of the train hijacking a month ago. You are aware of the number of bomb attacks happening domestically.

Critics have pointed to an increase in Islamophobia in Kashmir. Could that not fuel extremism in the region?

Let me immediately correct your perception. There is no concept of Islamophobia in India, with Kashmir being a part of the country. I belong to that state, so I can speak with great authority on this subject. In 1947, minorities in India represented about 24% of the population. What is the percentage today?

The same. In our neighbouring Pakistan, about 24% were minorities. What is the number today? It’s less than 2%. What has happened in the last 70 years? What has happened are blasphemy laws under which Christian populations have been kidnapped and killed.

I’m asking about India.

But I want to expand on this to explain the perspective from which I’m saying it. There are laws against blasphemy, forced conversions, and discrimination against Hindu, Sikh, and Christian minorities. In general terms, the number of minorities in India has remained the same. But when it drops so drastically from 24% to less than 3%, it’s obvious that something is happening which the world should take note of. What is Islamophobia in India?

Around 15–18% of the Indian population follows the Islamic faith. India is, by some estimates, the third or perhaps the second largest Muslim country in the world. There is active participation by the Muslim population everywhere. There were elections in Jammu and Kashmir in 2024, with a turnout of 65% in the state elections, and in the national elections of 2019 and 2024, we had a turnout of 58%, which surpasses most turnouts across Europe. Where is any kind of phobia arising from this?

What do you call the collective punishment that occurs with the detention of thousands of people and the destruction of houses belonging to the families of those suspected of being militants?

Where is the collective punishment?

I didn’t understand that. The Indian army targeted two or three houses of people involved in this massacre, yes.

Were those people convicted in court?

It’s not a matter of being convicted in court. I think there’s a genuine feeling among people that some tangible action needs to be taken.

Is it acceptable to destroy the houses of people who haven’t been convicted in court to satisfy this need for a sense that something is being done?

This takes the conversation in a very different direction. An action was taken. I think it needs to be acknowledged that we have definitive and credible evidence, which, I am certain, we will share with the world at some point. That said, there is no collective punishment. I believe there were one or two minor cases. It’s not something we’ve hidden from the world; it’s there, and we’ve taken responsibility for it.

Are you okay with that?

It’s not a matter of being okay. It’s a matter of what was done. If one agrees with 26 innocent people being killed in front of their children and wives, and knows that innocent civilians are being murdered in broad daylight, I think we can meet those expectations.

Are you talking about revenge?

Once again, it’s not about revenge. There’s a genuine demand that something has to be done. It goes back to 1947, when Pakistan was created. My state bore the brunt of the first attack in 1947, suffered the impact in 1965 and in 1971. Since then, Pakistan began what they call ‘Bleeding India with a Thousand Cuts’. That policy continues. How long can terrorism be endured?

How long can terrorism be sustained? How long can the public’s voice be ignored? India is a democracy. Pakistan is not. It has lived 33 years of its existence under martial law; the military governs the country. That’s not the case in India. Governments, leaders, politicians, and parties must respond to the genuine sentiments of the people.

What role can other countries play in reducing tensions in the region?

Several countries have expressed support for India. You mentioned Islamophobia? Several Islamic countries have clearly expressed their support for us. Indonesia was the most prominent, just yesterday. I mentioned Portugal at the outset, many European countries, the United States, Russia... I believe there is a genuine understanding in the world that our position is correct. An atrocity was committed, and it’s not unique or singular. It’s in line with others, and we have taken a very, very measured approach, a very mature response to everything that has been done against us. We’re talking about 1.4 billion people, 18% of the world’s population. We need a stable and secure environment to grow. We received the news that we’re the fourth-largest economy and would like to grow further. Our goal is to become a developed country by 2047. We need a secure and stable environment, both internally and externally.

How does the suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty help that goal?

This is part of the measured responses we initiated regarding this incident. We requested a review of the Indus Waters Treaty because the material circumstances have changed. We received no response, and so we decided to suspend the treaty. This treaty allocates the Indus rivers, its tributaries, the western and eastern rivers. Three go to Pakistan, and three to India. If we look at the water volumes, 80% goes to Pakistan and 20% comes to us. And they objected to several development projects, including hydroelectric projects on rivers like the Chenab, Ravi, and Jhelum. We’ve told them that we need to review the treaty and have decided to suspend it.

The general perception tends to be that, in the short term, this won’t have a significant impact because India doesn’t yet have the necessary infrastructure to actually suspend the treaty. But in the long term, we’re talking about Pakistan’s high dependence on this water, particularly in agriculture, which will certainly affect the civilian population. Was that considered?

I hope so, but I don’t have a clear answer. The Indus Waters Treaty stands suspended. We requested a review, and there was no agreement. The Indus Waters Treaty survived the creation of Bangladesh, the war in 1965, and the war in Kargil. It survived assassinations, deadly attacks, terrorism, drugs, underground tunnels, etc. But I think there’s a limit to a nation’s patience.

Pakistan is considering international legal action regarding the suspension of the treaty. What are your expectations regarding that?

We’ll see. We are clear in our thought process. We know exactly what we’re doing. I hope they know what they’re doing. And I highly doubt it, by the way.

Original article: https://expresso.pt/internacional/medio-oriente/2025-05-08-embaixador-da-india-ao-expresso-ha-um-sentimento-publico-que-diz-que-e-preciso-agir-em-caxemira-cacd9f68

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